The saying "planting in spring and catching fertilizer" originates from farmers in Anhui Province, reflecting the traditional practice of applying fertilizers to wheat and rapeseed when spring begins. But what is the scientific reasoning behind this custom, and how does it apply to different regions like South China or Northeast China? Professor Cao Yiping, an expert in soil and fertilization from China Agricultural University, provided a detailed explanation on the phenological features of the "Lichun" solar term and modern fertilizer management practices.
This year, the Lunar New Year fell on an unusual date, with Lichun occurring at 0:52 on February 4, 2009—the first day of the Year of the Ox. From a meteorological perspective, the beginning of spring marks the warming of the east wind and the gradual return of spring-like conditions. However, due to China's vast territory, the climate varies significantly across regions. Therefore, agricultural activities must be adapted to local conditions.
Another key factor during Lichun is moisture. Precipitation levels differ greatly throughout the country. In northern regions, the early spring remains dry, with limited rainfall. This year, the situation was even more severe. As temperatures rise, evapotranspiration increases, leading to worsening drought conditions. In the Yellow River Basin, precipitation typically ranges around 5mm, while southern areas receive between 5-50mm. For winter wheat areas, temperatures in North China have risen after Lichun, and the 0°C isotherm has shifted northward. However, precipitation hasn't changed much, and windy weather accelerates soil loss, making spring droughts still a major challenge in the region.
As the earth comes back to life, dormant plants begin to sprout, and the soil thaws. Farmers are busy preparing for the growing season, following the old saying: “Spring is the most precious season of the year,†and “A year’s work starts in spring.†Yet, farming isn’t static—it requires careful analysis and adjustments based on local temperature and rainfall patterns.
Professor Cao Yiping offered specific recommendations for different regions regarding the practice of “fertilizing when planting†in reclaimed land:
In northern greenhouses, fertilizers should be applied after harvesting, using small amounts of nitrogen and potassium to avoid damaging young plants.
In central and southern Henan, where winter wheat is grown, farmers should press the topsoil once it thaws to protect the crop. If irrigation is available, the first application should be ammonium bicarbonate dissolved in water.
In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, crops like rapeseed and wheat benefit from timely spring fertilization. Nitrogen-based topdressing is recommended, and if previous base fertilizers were not well balanced, potassium should also be added. Combining nitrogen and potassium gives better results. Whether using urea or ammonium bicarbonate, these fertilizers should not be left exposed on the surface to prevent nutrient loss.
Fruit trees in this area also require fertilization. In South China and Hainan, Lichun marks the time for rice field fertilization and the rapid growth of tropical crops such as bananas, mangoes, litchis, longans, pineapples, and peppers. These crops also need topdressing, mainly with solid nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. However, some farmers in the region mistakenly dissolve solid phosphorus and compound fertilizers in water and spray them, which is inefficient and leads to wasted nutrients. It’s important to use proper methods to maximize the benefits of fertilization.
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