Currently, electronically controlled fuel injection systems have become standard in diesel engines. There are two main approaches to achieving electronic control in these systems: one involves upgrading the traditional fuel injection pump-oil pipe-nozzle system with advanced electronic controls for the governor and fuel timing mechanism; the other is based on a completely new fuel injection concept, where the injector itself is directly controlled by an electronic system. 1. **Electronically Controlled Inline Fuel Injection Pump** The most advanced electronically controlled inline fuel injection pumps offer multiple control functions, including fuel injection quantity and timing. Some models also include features like injection pressure and injection rate control. These systems typically use an electronic governor to manage fuel delivery, which allows for more precise control over fuel supply as engine speed changes. Compared to mechanical or electro-hydraulic governors, electronic governors respond much faster, making them ideal for a wide range of applications. Different manufacturers, such as DKK (Japan), Heinzmann (Germany), and Barber Colmann (USA), have developed various types of electronic governors. Additionally, electro-hydraulic governors like Bosch’s ESR type are widely used in high-performance systems. 2. **Electronic Unit Pump System** Germany’s Bosch has developed the Electronic Unit Pump (EUP) system, which uses short high-pressure fuel lines to achieve injection pressures as high as 160 MPa. This system employs high-speed solenoid valves to precisely control both the timing and amount of fuel injected, improving efficiency and reducing emissions. 3. **Electronically Controlled Distributor Pump** In distributor-type systems, fuel quantity and timing are generally controlled via high-speed solenoid valves. The closing time of the valve determines the start of injection, while the duration between closing and opening sets the injection amount. Examples include Toyota’s ECD-type VE pump and Audi’s electronically controlled distributor pumps. Stanadyne’s DS and RS series pumps have also been used in high-performance diesel engines, reaching injection pressures up to 140 MPa. 4. **Electronically Controlled Pump-Nozzle System** As emission and noise regulations become stricter, modern truck diesel engines require injection pressures of up to 150 MPa. To meet this demand, major automakers are developing high-pressure electronic fuel injection systems. These systems can be divided into mechanically driven and accumulator types, both capable of achieving high injection pressures, improving atomization, and reducing turbulence in the combustion chamber. 5. **Mechanically Driven Electronically Controlled Pump-Nozzle Systems** These systems are among the most mature in the industry, with examples like Detroit Diesel’s DDEC, Bosch’s PDE27 and PDE28, Caterpillar’s electronic pump nozzles, and Lucas CAV’s EUI. Current models already reach 150 MPa, while research engines can go beyond 200 MPa. These systems are used across a wide range of engine sizes, from small single-cylinder units to heavy-duty engines, delivering excellent performance. 6. **Electronically Controlled Accumulator Pump-Nozzle System** Recent developments in accumulator-based systems have focused on eliminating the need for mechanical drives. These systems combine electronic and hydraulic controls to regulate injection timing and pressure independently of engine speed. Caterpillar’s HEUI system, for example, can maintain high injection pressure (up to 150 MPa) and offers precise control over the injection rate, leading to better performance and lower emissions. BKM started developing these systems in 1975 and began mass production in 1983, with injection pressures reaching 160 MPa. Other notable systems include Komatsu’s KOMPICS, Denso’s ECD-U2 common rail, and Bosch’s common rail accumulator system.

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