The principle and application of high-speed electric spindle of machine tool Yang Jun Guo Liqing Hong 21. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Hunan University. Changsha City, 4,822 Hunan Business School Computing Center and Cooling Department Bone Disc Review Qiangqianqian Town Preface With the advent of the new century, the modern machinery manufacturing industry is developing rapidly in the direction of high precision and high efficiency, and it is proposed for processing machine tools. Higher requirements. This requires a high-speed spindle unit for the spindle component system that can operate at high speed. The electric spindle has the advantages of compact structure, light weight, small inertia, small vibration, low noise and fast response. In order to reduce the transmission, simplify the design of the machine tool, and easy to achieve spindle positioning, it is an ideal structure in the high-speed spindle unit. The modern high-speed electric spindle is a kind of intelligent functional component. It has many kinds of applications, and the application range is increasingly wide. The requirements of the electric spindle are from the following aspects of the current high-speed cutting process.
The demand for the increasingly competitive machine tool market requires the spindle to process complex curved surfaces, and requires a spindle component such as an electric spindle that is compact and takes up a small space.
1 The basic structure and working principle of the electric spindle The high-speed spindle element is the most critical component for adding several beds.
The types of high-speed spindle units mainly include electric spindle pneumatic spindle hydrodynamic spindles. Different types of output power have large differences, and the spindle of high-speed machining machine needs to realize the speed of lifting and lowering in a very short time and quickly stop at the specified position. This requires a high angular deceleration and angular acceleration of the spindle.
If you pass the intermediate link such as belt, it will not only produce vibration and noise when it is slipping at high speed, but also increase the moment of inertia, which is very difficult for the machine to quickly stop. Most high-speed machine tools have seven-axis internal shafts such as elbows, and the price is 80, which is called electric spindle. It uses a housingless motor to fit the motor stator with the cooling jacket in the housing of the spindle unit. The rotating parts of the rotor and the machine tool spindle are formed into a body.
The variable speed range 56 of the main shaft is controlled by the variable frequency AC motor, so that the variable frequency motor and the small shaft of the machine tool are combined. The high-speed electric spindle structure features high-speed electric 1 axis, good dynamic performance and service life. The high-speed 屯 spindle part must be carefully designed and manufactured. The high-speed electric spindle station is simple in structure and shaft housing. The shaft housing is the main component of the high speed electric spindle. The dimensional accuracy and positional accuracy of the shaft housing directly affect the overall accuracy of the spindle. The housing bore is usually designed directly on the shaft housing. The electric spindle is an additional motor stator and must be open. Large or special electric spindles, both ends of the shaft shell are designed to be open. For high-speed high-power and ultra-high-speed electric spindles, the rotor diameter is often larger than the outer diameter of the bearing. In order to control the assembly of the whole machine, the bearing installation part should be designed to have a gap-free shaft. The rotating shaft is the main rotating body of the high-speed electric spindle, and its manufacturing precision directly affects the final precision of the electric spindle. The shape tolerance and dimensional accuracy of the finished shaft are very high. When the shaft is running at high speed, the vibration is caused by the eccentric mass, which seriously affects its dynamic performance. The shaft must be strictly balanced. Parts that are partially mounted on the shaft should also be tested for dynamic balance with the shaft.
High-speed electric spindle structure principle, bearing. The core support member of the high-speed electric spindle is a high-speed precision bearing. Since the maximum speed of the electric spindle depends on the functional size arrangement and lubrication method of the bearing, the bearing must have the advantages of high speed performance, good dynamic load carrying capacity, high lubricating performance and low heat generation. In recent years, dynamic and hydrostatic bearings, ceramic bearings and magnetic bearings have been developed.
Dynamic and hydrostatic bearings have high stiffness and yin, which can greatly improve the efficiency and quality. Extend the life of the knife. Reducing the processing cost and the bearing life is half-length and long-term beauty. The company highly praises its patented dynamic and hydrostatic bearing hybrid ceramic ball bearing in its spindle unit, which is currently used in high-speed spindle units. The bearing rolling elements use hot-pressing ceramic balls, and the bearing rings are still steel rings. This kind of bearing has a high degree of standardization, small changes to the machine structure, and is easy to maintain. It is especially suitable for high-speed operation. Its value has exceeded 2.7, and the high-speed electric spindle assembled with it can achieve high speed, high stiffness, high power and long life. advantage.
The high-speed performance of the magnetic bearing is high and the accuracy is high, and it is easy to realize diagnosis and online monitoring. However, due to the complexity of the electromagnetic measurement and control system, this kind of bearing is very expensive, and it has remained high for a long time. So far, it has not been widely available, the stator and the rotor. The stator of the high-speed electric spindle is made of high-quality silicon steel sheets with high magnetic permeability. The laminated cavity of the stator has a machine tool and a liquid, and the 2001. version 4 punches the groove. The rotor is the rotating part of the intermediate frequency motor and its function is to convert the electromagnetic field energy of the stator into mechanical energy. The rotor is composed of a rotor core squirrel cage shaft portion.
2 working principle, ä¿šçº, the winding phase of the shaft motor 12 turns to Ke 1 AC 1. The phase windings each form a sinusoidal alternating magnetic field. The magnetic field speed is the synchronous speed of the electric spindle. The synchronous speed of the asynchronous motor is determined by the frequency of the input stator winding current and the number of pole pairs of the motor stator. The 607 electric small shaft is obtained by changing the frequency and excitation voltage of the current input to the stator winding of the motor to obtain various speeds in the acceleration and braking process. in. Acceleration and deceleration by changing the frequency. In order to avoid the motor temperature rise too high, the direction of the rotating magnetic field of the motor depends on the phase sequence of the alternating current input to the stator phase. Therefore, changing the phase sequence of the input current of the electric spindle can change the direction of rotation of the electric spindle.
2 High-speed electric spindle drive High-speed electric spindle is quite difficult from static speed up to tens of thousands of revolutions to hundreds of thousands of revolutions. In order to ensure normal operation, a certain amount of preload must be applied, which in turn increases the resistance torque of the electric spindle. In order to enable the electric spindle to successfully complete the starting process, a larger starting torque should be selected, so the starting current of the high-speed electric spindle should exceed the rated current of the ordinary motor by 57 times. The inverter converts the commercial frequency AC to the required frequency AC. The working principle of the frequency converter is based on the theory of magnetic field vector control. At present, the use of the large persuasion crystal å²± static variable frequency power supply, widely used today, the body tube inverter is a pulse amplitude modulation type variable frequency speed control power supply, which can convert the phase 52380 AC power into a phase intermediate frequency power supply, and its output power frequency continuously adjustable. The frequency converter adopts advanced; the body tube technology, such as the 3 series inverter produced by Swiss company, can realize the stepless speed change of the asynchronous motor. The adaptability of this power supply. Practicality. The economy is good. It becomes a high-speed electric small shaft small driving power supply 3 high-speed electric spindle lubrication and cooling lubrication electric and static bearing supported by the electric spindle. Lubricating oils are as high-temperature mechanical hydrants as warm water and have a lower viscosity. Up to 5 7 sisters are also larger. Also. Special measures should be used to reduce the temperature rise of the lubrication in the oil circuit. For example, the static pressure stage closed type 1 road 4 oil returning adopts forced cooling such as water cooling and air cooling.
An electric spindle supported by a ceramic ball bearing. Generally use oil mist, helium gas, and helium gas lubrication. Air and oil are combined. The shrinking air comes from the factory gas source, which is often supplied by fine filters, while the oil manufacturers add some additives to take the timing and must be destroyed in the smallest way. Although the lubrication method requires complicated equipment and high cost, these lubrication methods can accurately lubricate each bearing separately. The utilization rate of the lubricating oil is extremely high, the bearing heat is small, and there is no environmental pollution.
In addition, the oil is lubricated, and the lubrication under the ring is also a new type of less oil lubrication. There will also be broad application prospects in high-speed electric spindles.
Cooling the high-speed electric spindle while converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, there is also a game, the sense 6 outward expansion must be controlled. Otherwise, the electro-spindle will heat up and the mechanical efficiency of the spindle will decrease. The viscous treatment will lose the dielectric strength of the insulation of the motor coil. The 岜 axle bearing 岜 will be damaged.
The finite element analysis of the temperature of the electric spindle shows that most of its heat is generated in the stator after energization. The sleeve can be designed to pass through the cooling liquid, and the stator winding is internally twisted, and the cooling liquid of the Zhejiang ring is used to absorb and take away the heat generated by the motor to maintain a uniform temperature distribution of the housing of the electric spindle unit. Therefore, the common cooling method for the electric spindle is to use water cooling to reduce the temperature rise of the spindle system. The cooling system of the high-speed electric spindle mainly relies on the circulating flow of the cooling liquid, and the flowing cold compressed air can perform the cooling function.
4 features of high speed electric spindles.
Most of the spindles are simply shaped. And its outer diameter is the most important product of Swiss Xunren 0 company, the corresponding maximum speed is 1. Power scale is 165; the most human size is De 1 this 1 public to 1 trademark of the production 1. The following river is called 0 The corresponding maximum speed is 600 power 8 is medium to 80 to +170 manufacturers.
The most accurate speed is 18000. At this time, the outer diameter of the sleeve is 80, and the shaft diameter of the shaft is strong; the product = power is up to 70 hunger. At this time, the high rotation speed is 150001. The outer diameter of the sleeve is 1 and can be seen from the above. Product specifications cover a wide range of blood. It can meet the needs of small to some heavy machine tools.
As noted above, most spindle sleeves are circular with a fit tolerance of 5 or 1 with flanges selected by the user. Some manufacturers, such as the Swiss Pills 0 and supply with taper shank, can be placed in the machining center tool magazine, as a history of tool change. The grinding machine with the grinding wheel, the quality index and the bearing capacity should be operated by the manufacturer for 100,200 hours before delivery, and the following measured data are provided. 1 Radial and axial runouts are as follows.
Shafting is not smooth. Generally, according to the standard of 130, it is not lower than the temperature rise after the heat balance at the maximum speed. The numerical dimension of the 20-name numerical dimension name is increased due to the inclusion of load disturbances in the object. It should be noted that there is a steady-state error in the response of the object to its input. From the same can be. Network transmission; there is a large error in the peak of the object and domain response, which is related to the size of the network.
In the simulation, it is also found that after the identification accuracy is reached, the nonlinear structure function of the network structure selection is improved, and the hidden layer is added.
W5 based on the training results of the spit network 4 conclusion algorithm for the nonlinear electro-hydraulic service, degree system into the wide identification research results, the use of, the identification of the nonlinear system is effective. Since the result of this paper is obtained by adding time-varying characteristics to the simulation, this lays a foundation for advanced control; in addition, the training used by the chemotaxis algorithm is feasible, and its advantage is that it has obvious physiological significance and is convenient. Construction and calculation. However, the author also believes that due to the random walk mechanism of the chemotaxis algorithm, the aspect is beneficial to avoid local minima, and the other aspect also makes the adjustment of the network weight lack a relatively fixed direction, prolonging the error between the network output and the object output. Convergence is also the content of the author's progress.
2 Hu Shouren, Shen Qing, Hu Dewen and so on. Neural network application technology. National University of Defense Technology Press, 1993, page 44, 5 high-speed electric spindle application and its development prospects Foreign research on the ten axis of the power industry, the early development, the attitude gradually into the machinery manufacturing industry. At the 12th European International Machine Tool Show in 1997, the new electric spindle was a popular feature. For example, in the 097 electric spindle as a grinding spindle, the number of manufacturers reached 28, not only the electric spindle commonly used for internal grinding, but also has an electric spindle for external grinding, the power is up to 6.91 Jia. The grinding machines exhibited by some manufacturers are equipped with professionally produced electric spindles. Such as the US company crankshaft grinding machine +900 grinding wheel spindle and camshaft grinding machine spindle. It is reported that the electric spindle of the cylindrical grinding machine produced by the company adopts dynamic and static pressure bearings. Its characteristics are Gao Yu. Large gaps and small hole throttling; In addition, in addition to Germany 86 Lake 8 Japan 0 and other companies producing electric spindles, there have been professional production plants. For example, in Switzerland, the 51-inch company of the machine tool factory specializes in electric spindles. It should also be noted that the main difficulty of the electric spindle is its high precision.
The electric spindle is also used as a spindle for turning and milling boring and milling machines. The number of manufacturers on display at 097 is 32, which is also a lot.
China's electric shaft used to be mainly used for internal grinding. At present, we are making great efforts to develop electric spindles. It can be expected that high-speed electric spindles will be widely used in China's machining.
1 Xu Xiaochang. Ultra high speed cutting and modern machine tool construction. Mechanical Science and Technology Meter 199R278 2 Guo Li. High-speed spindle unit manufacturing technology National Science and Technology Commission advanced manufacturing technology development plan, 1997 3 Wei Zhiqiang and so on. High-speed machining machines and their key technologies. Manufacturing technology and machine tools, L99S157 4 Guo Li. Dynamic and static sliding bearings and their supporting spindle systems. Xi'an Jiaotong University, 19945 Zhou Yanyou and other electric spindles are the most innovative machine tool components. Mechanical manufacturing, W98ll46 61 Sun Hong, Zhang M. Wu Yuhou. Hybrid ceramic ball bearings for high speed spindles. Mechanical design and manufacturing, when 199755456 is called 99 铎 趋 趋 化 算法 algorithm, 撒,, oil and oil only 0 like 6. Hao 8 664.
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